2025 LLM Year in Review

Andrej Karpathy

Research

11 Pages

Andrej Karpathy reviews how 2025 reshaped large language models, focusing on training, evaluation and how people work with these systems. He presents shifts like reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards, jagged intelligence and vibe coding, and argues that industry is still far from using 10% of current model potential.

Date published: December 19, 2025

Key Takeaways

RLVR training shift: Describes a new stage that optimizes models on verifiable tasks, encouraging longer reasoning traces and thinking time.
Jagged intelligence idea: Recasts LLMs as ghosts with uneven strengths, challenging benchmark driven views of capability.
New app layer: Explains LLM agents, vibe coding and visual interfaces as a distinct product layer on top of base models.
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